Android 7.0 introduces APK Signature Scheme v2, a new app-signing scheme that offers faster app install times and more protection against unauthorized alterations to APK files. By default, Android Studio 2.2 and the Android Plugin for Gradle 2.2 sign your app using both APK Signature Scheme v2 and the traditional signing scheme, which uses JAR.
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Application signing allows developers to identify the author of the applicationand to update their application without creating complicated interfaces andpermissions. Every application that is run on the Android platform must besigned by the developer.Applications that attempt to install without being signedwill be rejected by either Google Play or the package installer on the Androiddevice.
On Google Play, application signing bridges the trust Google has with thedeveloper and the trust the developer has with their application. Developersknow their application is provided, unmodified, to the Android device; anddevelopers can be held accountable for behavior of their application.
On Android, application signing is the first step to placing an application inits Application Sandbox. The signed application certificate defines which userID is associated with which application; different applications run underdifferent user IDs. Application signing ensures that one application cannotaccess any other application except through well-defined IPC.
When an application (APK file) is installed onto an Android device, the PackageManager verifies that the APK has been properly signed with the certificateincluded in that APK. If the certificate (or, more accurately, the public key inthe certificate) matches the key used to sign any other APK on the device, thenew APK has the option to specify in the manifest that it will share a UID withthe other similarly-signed APKs.
Applications can be signed by a third-party (OEM, operator, alternative market)or self-signed. Android provides code signing using self-signed certificatesthat developers can generate without external assistance or permission.Applications do not have to be signed by a central authority. Android currentlydoes not perform CA verification for application certificates.
Applications are also able to declare security permissions at the Signatureprotection level, restricting access only to applications signed with the samekey while maintaining distinct UIDs and Application Sandboxes. A closerrelationship with a shared Application Sandbox is allowed via theshared UID feature where two or more applications signed with samedeveloper key can declare a shared UID in their manifest.
APK signing schemes
Android supports three application signing schemes:
- v1 scheme: based on JAR signing
- v2 scheme: APK Signature Scheme v2, which was introduced in Android 7.0.
- v3 scheme: APK Signature Scheme v3, which was introduced in Android 9.
For maximum compatibility, sign applications with allschemes, first with v1, then v2, and then v3. Android 7.0+ and newer devicesinstall apps signed with v2+ schemes more quickly than those signed only withv1 scheme. Older Android platforms ignore v2+ signatures and thus need apps tocontain v1 signatures.
JAR signing (v1 scheme)
APK signing has been a part of Android from the beginning. It is based on signed JAR. For details on using this scheme, see the Android Studiodocumentation onSigning your app.
v1 signatures do not protect some parts of the APK, such as ZIP metadata. TheAPK verifier needs to process lots of untrusted (not yet verified) datastructures and then discard data not covered by the signatures. This offers asizeable attack surface. Moreover, the APK verifier must uncompress allcompressed entries, consuming more time and memory. To address these issues,Android 7.0 introduced APK Signature Scheme v2.
APK Signature Scheme v2 & v3 (v2+ scheme)
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Devices running Android 7.0 and later support APK signature scheme v2 (v2scheme) and later. (v2 scheme was updated to v3 inAndroid 9 to includeadditional information in the signing block, but otherwise works the same.) Thecontents of the APK are hashed and signed, then the resulting APK Signing Blockis inserted into the APK. For details on applying the v2+ scheme to an app, seeAPK Signature Scheme v2.
During validation, v2+ scheme treats the APK file as a blob and performs signaturechecking across the entire file. Any modification to the APK, including ZIP metadatamodifications, invalidates the APK signature. This form of APK verification issubstantially faster and enables detection of more classes of unauthorizedmodifications.
The new format is backwards compatible, so APKs signed with the new signatureformat can be installed on older Android devices (which simply ignore the extradata added to the APK), as long as these APKs are also v1-signed.
Figure 1. APK signature verificationprocess
Whole-file hash of the APK is verified against the v2+ signature stored in theAPK Signing Block. The hash covers everything except the APK Signing Block,which contains the v2+ signature. Any modification to the APK outside of the APKSigning Block invalidates the APK's v2+ signature. APKs with stripped v2+signature are rejected as well, because their v1 signature specifies that theAPK was v2-signed, which makes Android 7.0 and newer refuse to verify APKsusing their v1 signatures.
For details on the APK signature verification process, see the Verification section of APK Signature Scheme v2.
Apk Easy Tool is a freeware APK manager software app filed under programming software and made available by evildog1 for Windows.
The review for Apk Easy Tool has not been completed yet, but it was tested by an editor here on a PC and a list of features has been compiled; see below.
If you would like to submit a review of this software download, we welcome your input and encourage you to submit us something!
Tool to sign, compile, decompile and manage Android APK apps
Apk Easy Tool is a lightweight application that enables you to manage, sign, compile and decompile the APK files for the apps you are working on.
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Features and highlights
- Compile APK
- Decompile APK
- Drag and drop file support
- Enable/Disable check for updates
- Enable/Disable tips and ToolTips
- Extract APK / Zip APK
- Framework installer with option to change path
- Framework tagging
- Full environment path support
- Full options of decompile and compile
- Java heap. Default 1024m
- Logs tab
Apk Easy Tool on 32-bit and 64-bit PCs
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This download is licensed as freeware for the Windows (32-bit and 64-bit) operating system on a laptop or desktop PC from programming software without restrictions. Apk Easy Tool 1.541 is available to all software users as a free download for Windows 10 PCs but also without a hitch on Windows 7 and Windows 8.
The program was created by the developer as a freeware product, but donations for the continued development are highly appreciated. You may generally make a donation via the developer's main web site.
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